提问是学习过程的主干。其他的策略，如建模和解释，在课堂上是有效的，但质疑是最重要的，因为许多原因。这些原因包括测试学生所学到的东西，他们的经验和知识，在激发学生的思维能力，解决问题，作为一个全体或初学者的经验教训发挥重要的作用。此外，它有助于促进思维，给学生机会去探索，并推测；通过它教师可以检查上面提到的其他策略和提问是补充这些方法可以测试使用这些方法的质量，他们是否是有效的，取得的成果，不。提问是基石，没有它，其他的策略就行不通了。
Questioning is the backbone of the learning process. Other strategies, such as modelling and explaining, are effective inside the classroom, but questioning is the most important for many reasons. These reasons include testing what pupils have learned, their experience and knowledge, playing an important part in stimulating pupils thinking skills, solving problems and being used as a plenary or starter for lessons. Moreover, it helps to promote thinking and give the pupils the chance to explore, and speculate; by it the teachers can examine the other strategies mentioned above and questioning is complementary for these approaches - it can test the quality of using these methods, whether they were effective and achieved the outcomes, or not. Questioning is the cornerstone, without it the other strategies do not work.
首先，提问是一种策略，可以在课堂上进行，原因是巨大的，它取决于老师和他的学生之间的提问和讨论。”提问是教师评价学生理解水平的一种直接途径。（主动提问、讲义（2004））。提问是非常重要的，特别是一般科学教学。通过它促进思维的发生，让所有的学生在课堂上，良好的沟通和互动的群体，使用的热身和反馈的经验教训。对于科学，尤其是因为教学科学依赖于查询，观察和实验，所以提问是一个重要的，学生可以探索，刺激他们的理解。此外，帮助他们进行分析、评价。此外，提问可以让学生尝试解决问题，发现自然现象发生的原因，而且学生可以注意，并给予积极参与的机会。通过科学的提问，学生将是思想家，但另一方面，应集中在促进学生的更高的思维技能的质疑。（主动提问、讲义、（2004））。
Firstly, the questioning is a strategy can be followed in classrooms for enormous reasons it depends on asking questions and discussion between the teacher and his pupils. "Questioning is an immediate way for teacher to assess pupils level of understanding". (Active questioning, handout (2004)).Questioning is very important in teaching generally and for science specially. Through it promoting of thinking can happen, engage all pupils in the class, the good communication and interaction between the groups, using as warm-up and feedback of the lessons. For science, especially because teaching science relies on enquiry, observations and experiments so questioning is an essential in which pupils can explore, stimulate their understanding. In addition, help them to be analytical, evaluative. Besides that questioning allows the pupils to try solving problems and discover why the nature phenomena occurs .Moreover pupils can pay attention and give opportunity for active engagement. Through questioning in science, the pupils will be thinkers, but on the other hand should be concentrated on promoting the higher thinking skills of pupils by questioning. (Active questioning, handout, (2004)).
Secondly, the questioning has different types because this variety comes from the nature of subject that students learn, the stage of pupils, and the efficiency of the teacher himself. Therefore, there are many sorts of questions such as, the conceptual questions concern with ideas, definitions. Take an example, when the teacher asks. what do you call the animals that have feather? The answers should help pupils to formulate or clarify the relevant concepts. The second one is empirical questions this make communications between facts and observations through it pupils can speculate, observe and recall. The third one is value questions concern with the value issue such as questions, which related to health, environment, poverty and education .Another essential point is the dimensions of questions, which related to the type of question. This means the conceptual question may be narrow or broad. (Wragg & Brown (2001)) divides these dimensions into four types, which are:
Narrow - broad
Observation-recall-thought
Confused - clear
Encouraging - threatening
firstly, the narrow-broad dimension that contains open -close questions the closed one require very short and specific answer , the open one allow the chance variety of answers and may be discussion challenge for pupils and extend understanding . (C.Wragg & G.Brown (2001)). However, should be born in mind that the close question not create or promote thinking so teachers should use the posting thinking question or posted question this study encourage the open one ,because it allows the pupils to be creative and promote the higher levels of thinking ."The art of teaching creative thinking is not to profess only the known, but to inspire curiosity and thinking by teasing out new thinking with unexpected questions". (Bartel.M, (2004)). Therefore, the teacher should concentrate on the questions, which promote creative thinking .secondly, the observation -recall-thought dimension. This one is difficult to grasp because it related to children through learning and their growing the difficulty comes when they should link between the fresh observations against the previous experience that they already know. However, the recall of facts can happen without the fresh observations .in this kind of recall the teacher resorts to use it as a starter of the lesson. Whether, thought questions uses to connect the old experience and knowledge to build with the new one. This type of questioning is the most one which used in Egypt .
Thirdly, the confused and clear dimension clear means direct and short question but confusion generated from ambiguity so it should be avoided to protect pupils of frustration. Fourthly, the encouraging and threaten dimension there are some vital factors should be taken into account when teacher ask his pupils. To name just a few, voice, face impressions, body language, gesture and humour. These known as "non-verbal" features ,because they are accompanied with the words of the question .The question is asked by several ways which has a positive impact on pupils may encourage them to be creative , critical thinkers and express themselves .Or the opposite, it could cause a negative effect for instance, make them shy ,bored or frustrated and hate learning . (C.Wragg & G.Brown, (2001)).
The next phase, the building block of effective questioning is planning because teacher can be effective in his classroom and can help his pupils to be creative. Besides he can overcome the pitfalls may face him. There are some tactics to achieve and planning effective questioning. In addition, by providing creative and positive climate for pupils. This will happen by taking suitable response of pupils. Then following" no-hands" rules this will encourage whole class to engage effectively in the lesson, and every pupils will be asked. Overall, waiting pupils enough time to think because it encourages longer answers, more confidence and allow the pupils to ask question in return. However , in Egypt this is one of the problems that the teachers may face the limited time. Moreover, dealing with answers it is more important for effective questioning. The teacher should response of the answers of the students. Means that if the answer correct the teacher should admit that and praise the pupils .In the other case if the answer is not correct the teacher should simplify the question and encourage the pupils to try better answer .This will clarify misconceptions and can engage other pupils in the discussion . (Active questioning, handout).
On the other hand ,Socrates said that " in his teaching the wise man guides his students but does not pull them along; he urges them to go forward and does not suppress them ; he opens the ways but does not take them to the place ; .. If his students are encouraged to think for themselves they would call the man a good teacher" .There is a study said that the tactics of effective questioning are. Promoting and probing it uses for seeking information and extend their answers but promoting means that: Simplify the question to the pupils and it contains several ways to do this. are rephrasing the question and through asking sequence of simple questions then the original one .The last tactics is listening to the replies and responding and sequencing this point is covered in the previous lines. (Wragg .C, Brown .G (2001)).
Overall, important issue is should be taken into our consideration after talking about the strategies to create effective questioning. The important role of the teacher is how to plan to that, make it in specific sequence, and simultaneously allows promoting thinking. Therefore, the teacher should be aware about that. This is a good idea to put the questions closely related to the objectives of the lesson. Know well why he asks pupils this question? .To ensures what? In addition, at the same time take into account by these questions to promote creative thinking of the pupils and learn them solving problems. This plan should be arranged from easy to difficult to challenge pupils. This can happen effectively and help the teacher to plan and sequence of questions by using Bloom's taxonomy in which divided the level of thinking and that is very benefit for planning objectives consequently ,the planning questions "Bloom's taxonomy suggests that the first need to acquire knowledge before understanding". (Pedagogy and practice), the latest version of Bloom's taxonomy chart begins with the lower level of thinking is remembering and ends with the more complex one is creating. (http://www.odu.edu/educ/roverbau/Bloom/blooms_taxonomy.htm, 24-1=2010) .
New Bloom Triangle
By using this, the effective questioning will get its fruits, as the chart shows that the levels of thinking and illustrates the tasks of the pupils expected to do and the kinds of questions that would help them. In addition, as said before through questioning teachers can encourage pupils to solve problems and promote their thinking, these some examples of the questions for each level of Boom's taxonomy. The questions concerns to knowledge or remember information as recall, describe, define, example for that, when teacher asks pupils what is the definition of digestion process.The comprehension encourages pupils to express themselves broadly as explain, summarize, illustrate. Such as, explain how the photosynthesis process happens?
The next, application questions in this level require the pupils to solve problems and apply their knowledge and experience to solve or predict what will happen. In addition, it is very important to promote their thinking example, employ, solve, use, and predict. Question for example what do you think will happen after increasing the ration of carbon dioxide gas in air? In this case, the teacher allows the pupils to think deeply. The following stage is analyzing is important to ask questions require pupils to support their opinion by evidence when they resort to solve problems for example, what is the evidence...? Evaluation, ask pupils to assess, evaluate and justify. By asking these levels of questioning will help pupils to use their knowledge to built the justifications and this need the complex thinking example, why is this order important?.The last stage and the most complicated one is creating. It helps pupils to create evaluative thinking this requires from pupils to use their thinking and their experience and knowledge together to solve unfamiliar problems and difficult situations they face for example when they ask pupils to draw chart shows the relationship between the different systems inside the human body. Digestive , respiratory, circulatory and excretory? Moreover, the complicated thinking pupils are trying to find the relation by drawing.
By contrast, in Egyptian Education, the questioning is most important, but the explaining in Egypt takes the first place in classrooms. Because there are some problems stand against the teacher firstly, the crowded curriculum does not give the chance to ask pupils effectively, secondly, the continuous obstacle on the track is the great number of pupils inside the classroom. Thirdly, the time is very limited to teach the lesson. So the teacher can ask at the beginning of the lesson as starter about the pervious lesson to build the new one, at the end of the lesson as plenary to test and know what pupils are learned. Because by doing this he knows, what the weakness point is in the lesson to start with it in the next time. On the other hand, the arranging of the pupils inside the classroom does not help the teacher to achieve active engagement through questioning, where sharing ideas and deep understanding can happen.
To conclude the prior lines , The experience has shown that , teaching science in particular depends on effective questioning ,teacher may be try to overcome the hinders which stand against him as barrier asking pupils continuously because science encourages pupils to explore , discover , speculate and extend their thinking how, why, where and what will happen after that ?. All these questions inside their minds will encourage them to be creative thinker. Significantly, by questioning pupils will become interested .Some times in the Egyptian schools the science lab exists and it is very big that give the opportunity to divide the pupils into small groups. Each group contain writer; to write the basic ideas and answers of the questions, leader; to lead and organise the group speaker; to speak to whole class and show the group writing about the topic. Another way to deal with the discussion inside the lab as theatre the teacher can choose some volunteers of pupils to play the role of the organs as example. Pupils play the role of the heart another one the role of the blood and they asking, share ideas and understanding between them. In addition, science closely related to the environmental issues. The teacher in Egypt tries to promote thinking of the pupils by questioning to encourage them to solve the environmental issue. To name just a few, take examples for that pollution and its types, global warming, and recycling wastes. However, as said before the Egyptian teacher is struggling and challenging himself to make balance and overcome the problems and circumstances, which surround him, and to achieve effective questioning and learning to gain his fruits of his efforts. Shortly, effective questioning that gives priority to positive feedback, and investigative learning besides it allows pupils to analyse their own performance and all strategies work together to achieve effective outcomes of learning.